2015年5月31日星期日

What Colors to Wear with Orange Clothes

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Oh, so you finally got a very pretty orange blouse, but aren't sure what color to pair it with? We tell you about all things orange, and help you make the right clothing choices in this post. Read on.
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Orange color outift for women
Orange is a color of liberation from the pains of hurtful love and inner insecurities. To "Channel orange" is to be truly free. To be you.
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—Frank Ocean

Add a pop of color, some brightness, and lots of happiness with the most exciting color - orange! Fresh and funky orange is a very versatile color, and will give your wardrobe that much-needed color boost. Are you apprehensive about wearing orange? Yeah, most people are! But that could be b'coz you don't know what colors to pair with orange.

This fierce color symbolizes warmth, energy, happiness, and so much more. But the most important thing is... it looks so good! It's time to make heads turn and unleash the diva or the dude in you... with some ORANGE!

White And Bright!

orange and white

Looks awesome, isn't it? White is the color when you gotta balance a bright shade. Whether it's a dress, skirt, pants, or anything else, the orange and white pairing works, period.

A Little Subdued...

orange gray beige

So you don't like too much attention, and flashy is not really your style. Let's tone it down a little, with some neutral colors. Pair orange with beige or gray, and so you will love the effect.

No... We Like It Bright!

orange with bright colors

orange with other colors collage

Colors, and more colors! You don't wanna look like a rainbow, so do pair them right. Blue or green complements orange really well. A great shade of yellow (not too bright please) works really well as well. And, the pink and orange combination is so fresh and different!

Formal Or Casual... Orange Rocks

Orange clothes collage of Men

Orange looks equally alluring on men, the image is a proof! A formal orange shirt looks very smart. Pairing a casual tee with orange pants will work wonders as well. So don't shy away from orange guys!

Orange Fervor

orange dress collage

Why pair orange with other colors when you can go totally orange! A printed orange dress looks totally awesome, and you can also pair different shades of orange for an ethereal effect!

Get Sassy With Black

orange with black pants

orange and black clothes collage

How can you not pair any color with black? Black is the best thing when it comes to fashion! This combination will work wonders if you choose matte orange shades rather than bright ones. And yes, it will also remind people of Halloween! :P

Orange Blast Or Just a Pop!

full and partial orange

Gold and orange looks very stylish. Your simple orange dress will instantly turn glamorous with the perfect golden belt. If you don't like orange much, and yet wanna flaunt it, go for a bright orange belt!

The Orange Quotient!

orange jacket or scarf

Yes, you can go for orange accessories as well. Look how smart the burnt orange jacket looks. A bright scarf will instantly take your outfit a few notches high.

Divine Denim!


orange and denim skirts

orange and denim for women

orange and denim for men

We love the whole orange and denim combo. It's casual, fresh, and even men can carry orange with elan! Yes guys, it's fine to wear orange sometimes, we are not asking you to wear pink! It's time to get out of the stereotypical cliches and embrace colors!

Complement It Right


shoes with orange

You need perfect shoes to make your orange dress look all the more awesome. Go for bright blue heels on a plain solid orange dress or blouse. Gold is another color that instantly lifts up orange. If your clothes just have a hint of orange, then wear bold orange shoes, and white is always on the list!

accessories with orange

You can match your earrings to your shoes. Gold and orange or blue and orange themes work really well. Feel free to experiment with jewelry and other accessories, but don't go for a solid or bright color with orange.
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So, now that you know how to flaunt orange, go and paint the town pink, err... orange!

2015年5月28日星期四

26 Famous Quotes by Rabindranath Tagore

Rabindranath Tagore, a great poet, writer, artist, and a Nobel laureate from India, has contributed greatly to the field of literature. A visionary, and torch-bearing personality with deep profound thoughts, his quotes will certainly chant a hymn that our hearts will truly understand. Be it nature, religion, god, country, love, life or freedom, Tagore's words are real jewels.
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Rabindranath Tagore quote
Did You Know?
The National Anthem of India, Jana Gana Mana, was penned by Rabindranath Tagore.
Nobel laureate Rabindranath Tagore was a great connoisseur of art and literature. Famous for his collection of poems, 'Gitanjali', in Bengali, he was one of the most famous and profound writers of his time who played a pivotal role in India's struggle for independence against the British.

Tagore was born in Calcutta (now, Kolkata), India, in 1861, in a wealthy family. Besides authoring many stories and poems of immense literary value, he also started the experimental school Shantiniketan, which broke away from traditional methods of learning and teaching school curriculum. Till date, the school has produced many eminent personalities including Nobel Prize winner for economics, Amartya Sen. His poems and literary work became very popular in the West too, and he was conferred with the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1913. Tagore was not only a writer, but also a true artist in all forms, and his works included drawings, paintings, and music compositions.

Apart from this, Rabindranath Tagore's literary works espoused freedom of mind and spirit. This proved highly inspirational for the general public who were struggling to gain independence from British rule. However, he also prompted readers, through his works, to free themselves from blind faith, caste discrimination, oppression against women, etc. Here are some quotes by Tagore that are certainly thought-provoking.

Quotes On Love

"Love is an endless mystery, for it has nothing else to explain it."

"Only in love are unity and duality not in conflict."

"Beauty is simply reality seen with the eyes of love."

rabindranath tagore quote on love

"I will sit in the pupil of your eyes and that will carry your sight into the heart of the things."

Quotes On Nature

"Let your life lightly dance on the edges of
Time like dew on the tip of a leaf."

"The butterfly counts not months but moments, and has time enough."

"The roots below the earth claim no rewards for making the branches fruitful."
― Stray Birds

"By plucking her petals you do not gather the beauty of the flower."
― Stray Birds

rabindranath tagore quote on butterfly

"The flower which is single need not envy the thorns that are numerous."

"Clouds come floating into my life, no longer to carry rain or usher storm, but to add color to my sunset sky."
― Stray Birds

"The world speaks to me in colours, my soul answers in music."

"Trees are the earth's endless effort to speak to the listening heaven."

rabindranath tagore quote on nature

Quotes On Death

"Death is not extinguishing the light; it is only putting out the lamp because the dawn has come."

"And because I love this life
I know I shall love death as well.
The child cries out when
From the right breast the mother
Takes it away, in the very next moment
To Find in the left one
Its consolation."

Quotes On God and Religion

"Men can only think. Women have a way of understanding without thinking. Woman was created out of God's own fancy. Man, He had to hammer into shape."
- The Home and the World

"Every child comes with the message that God is not yet discouraged of man."

"When I stand before thee at the day's end, thou shalt see my scars and know that I had my wounds and also my healing."

rabindranath tagore quote on woman

Quotes On Education

"Children are living beings - more living than grown-up people who have built shells of habit around themselves. Therefore it is absolutely necessary for their mental health and development that they should not have mere schools for their lessons, but a world whose guiding spirit is personal love."

"The highest education is that which does not merely give us information but makes our life in harmony with all existence."

"Don't limit a child to your own learning, for she was born in another time."

Quotes On Country and Freedom

"Deliverance is not for me in renunciation. I feel the embrace of freedom in a thousand bonds of delight."
― Gitanjali


"Where the mind is without fear and the head is held high; Where knowledge is free; Where the world has not been broken up into fragments by narrow domestic walls; Where words come out from the depth of truth; Where tireless striving stretches its arms towards perfection; Where the clear stream of reason has not lost its way into the dreary desert sand of dead habit; Where the mind is led forward by thee into ever-widening thought and action - Into that heaven of freedom, my Father, let my country awake."
― Gitanjali

Other Quotes

"Facts are many, but the truth is one."

"If no one responds to your call, be not afraid to walk alone."
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"Dreams can never be made captive."
― The Gardener

"It is very simple to be happy, but it is very difficult to be simple."

2015年5月27日星期三

How Does the Foucault Pendulum Prove Earth's Rotation?

Can a pendulum that swings back and forth right here on the surface of Earth demonstrate and prove conclusively that the Earth rotates about its axis? Read this  post to find the answer.
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Foucault pendulum proves Earth's rotation
Did You Know?
The Principia housed at the Oregon Convention Center is the world's largest Foucault pendulum. It comprises a 900-pound ball which is suspended using a 70-foot long cable. It swings continuously at a height of 20 feet over the heads of the visitors.
Without ogling at the heavens through a giant telescope, or making a quick trip to the International Space Station, will you be able to prove conclusively that the Earth rotates around its axis? Seems to be a near impossible task, doesn't it? However, as was demonstrated by the French physicist Jean Bernard Leon Foucault back in the 1800s, it is possible to do that, right here on Earth itself.

Born in 1819, Foucault was the son of a French publisher. From an early age he showed exceptional skill at making mechanical toys. He studied medicine, but later moved on to the study of physical sciences at the Paris Observatory. Foucault is widely regarded as one of the most gifted and versatile experimentalists of all time. He is credited with the invention of the gyroscope, which is an important instrument used to indicate a fixed direction during rapid motions. It forms an important part in many navigational systems used today.

In 1851, Foucault devised an innovative experiment to verify the Earth's rotation. His main apparatus was a large pendulum, which later came to be known as the Foucault pendulum in his honor. Here, we shall find out how the Foucault pendulum proves that the earth rotates. However, before that, let's examine a few important concepts in physics, that form the basis of this experiment.

Pendulums and the Concept of Inertia

Sir Isaac Newton explained that if an external force is applied to a body, it will begin moving in a straight line. This body will then continue its linear motion until another external force is applied to interrupt/redirect it. Newton termed this ability of a body to resist any changes in its state of motion, including both speed as well as direction of motion, as Inertia.

A good example of the effect of inertia is when the brakes in the vehicle you are sitting are applied suddenly. While the vehicle comes to a stop due to friction, inertia causes your body to continue moving forward until you stop yourself using your hands or with the help of seat belts. This is experienced as a sudden jerk.

Pendulums are devices that work on the concept of inertia. They typically comprise a bob which is usually a weighted sphere that is suspended from one end of a taut wire or string, while the other end is held in one's hand or tied to a fixed point at some height.

When the bob is pulled back and released, it descends down and moves forward under the influence of gravity and inertia receptively, until the length of the string limits its travel. After that, it swings back out and up again due to the same forces.

Thus, the pendulum continues to swing freely under the influence of gravity and inertia opposed only by the air surrounding it. The amount of inertia developed depends on the weight of the bob, which also determines the time it takes for air resistance to stop the pendulum from swinging.

The more the weight of the bob and longer the length of its swing, the more will be the time for which it will continue swinging. Air resistance will continue to counter its motion and decrease its speed, finally bringing it to a stop.

Demonstration of the Foucault's Pendulum Experiment

To understand the working of the Foucault's pendulum, lets carry out a simpler version of his original experiment. The following image displays the setup.

Foucault Pendulum Two Pegs
Foucault Pendulum With Two Fallen Pegs

As seen in the figure above, a pendulum is constructed by suspending a sufficiently heavy ball on a long wire/string which is attached to a fixed point on the roof of a high ceiling, wide hall or room. The ball needs to be heavy and the wire long enough so that the pendulum is able to overcome the air resistance and continue swinging for a long duration.

A number of light wooden pegs are arranged circularly and equidistant from each other on the floor below the pendulum. These pegs are chosen such that they fall easily on coming in contact with the heavy ball, without affecting the velocity or altering the direction of its swing. The ball is then pulled up and tied to a stable stationary point in the room with the help of a small piece of string.

To begin the experiment, this string is burnt which frees the pendulum and sets it swinging. The reason why this method of burning a string is used, is that prevents the accidental introduction of any angular momentum, because for our experiment to work properly, we need the ball to swing back and forth in a nearly straight line.

Arranged correctly, on the very first swing of the ball, it knocks down two diagonally opposite pegs (as shown), that lay in the path of its swing. The ball then continues to oscillate without disturbing any of the other standing pegs. This is allowed to happen for a while, ensuring that the pendulum's swing and the rest of the experimental setup remains undisturbed.

Foucault Pendulum Four Pegs
Foucault Pendulum With Four Fallen Pegs

After a sufficiently long period of time (typically about an hour or more), the pendulum knocks down another two diagonally opposite pair of pegs as shown in the image above. As more and more time elapses, the pendulum periodically keeps knocking down the standing pegs, until the air resistance finally slows it down, finally bringing it to a halt, thus ending the experiment.

Observation and Explanation

In the above demonstration, we observed that the pendulum continued to swing along the same line, under the influence of gravity and its own inertia alone. There was no external force acting on it which could have altered its trajectory. Despite that, it seemingly rotated in the plane of its swing, and was able to knock down more sets of diagonally opposite pegs.

The only explanation for this phenomenon is that while the pendulum swung back and forth, undisturbed, along a straight line, the Earth and therefore the floor beneath the pendulum moved, thus rotating the circle of pegs along with it. This caused more of the standing pegs to come in the line of the pendulum's swing, and so they too were knocked down. Essentially, the plane of oscillation of the pendulum remained constant, while the Earth beneath it moved, changing the orientation of the floor with respect to it.

Now, the way the floor below moves with respect the constant swing-plane of the pendulum, is dependent on the location on Earth's surface where this experiment is carried out. This is shown in the image below.

Foucault Pendulum Earth Rotation
Respective Motion of the Floor at Different Locations

If the experiment is carried out exactly at either the North or the South pole, the Earth and building floor will rotate beneath the pendulum's plane taking one sidereal day (23.93 hours) to complete the rotation and make all the pegs fall.

If the experiment is conducted somewhere along the Equator, the building will co-rotate along with the Earth, traveling eastward along the Earth's axis. As there will be no twisting of the floor, after the initial pair of pegs fall, none of the other pegs will be knocked off.

If the experiment is conducted at some place between the pole and the Equator, the motion of the building floor, viewed with respect to the constant swing-plane of the pendulum, will be a combination of rotation and traveling. This will result in it being twisted beneath the pendulum, albeit at a slower rate than the rotation of the Earth. The pendulum doesn't share this twisting motion, and hence, its plane of swing remains constant while the floor changes orientation so that the pegs are knocked out sequentially.

The degree of twist per day (n) is given by the following formula:

N = 360º sin φ

If the Foucault's pendulum is used at 30º south latitude, it will twist by 180º per day and will complete a full rotation in two days.

Thus, with the help of a Foucault pendulum, we can conclusively prove that the Earth rotates about its axis.

The Original Foucault's Pendulum Experiment

To prove that the Earth rotates, Léon Foucault carried out the pendulum experiment at the Meridian of the Paris Observatory in February 1851. Some weeks later, he carried out the demonstration once more with the help of a 28 kg, brass-coated lead bob which was suspended from the dome of the Panthéon in Paris, with the help of a 67-meter long metal wire.

Once this pendulum began oscillating, it was observed that the pendulum swings regularly changed directions in the clockwise direction at the rate of approximately 11 degrees per hour completing a full circular rotation in 32.7 hours, thus proving that the Earth rotates.
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In conclusion, the Foucault pendulum is one the simplest and most elegant ways to prove Earth's rotation. Since its initial demonstration, it has garnered a lot of interest in the general as well as the scientific communities. Today, there are several Foucault pendulums around the world, found mainly at universities, science museums, and planetariums. To prevent air resistance from slowing down and stopping the pendulums, many of these places utilize electromagnetic drives, motors, etc., to keep the bob oscillating continuously for the audience to see. Thus, the Foucault pendulum experiment still finds a lot of appeal among the young and old alike.

2015年5月26日星期二

7 Good Photo Sharing Apps That Aren't Instagram

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7 Good Photo Sharing Apps That Aren't Instagram
Currently, there is a 'love it or leave it' dilemma being played out in people's minds about the tremendously popular app, Instagram. If your pointer is slightly tilted toward the 'leave it' part, consider the following picture-sharing apps that are similar to Instagram.
Good photo sharing apps
What led to the fall of Instagram?
The misinterpreted version of Terms of Services of Instagram says, it owns your photographs and the authority to use and sell them to advertising parties.
We don't think there's anybody out there who wouldn't be aware of this hilarious app. Even if you aren't into photography, you probably know this photo-sharing app. It has brought a revolution in the filter-editing and social networking world.
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But an unfortunate incident in the form of the 2012 Instagram controversy led to the loss of followers in large numbers. Though Instagram released a statement regarding the misinterpretation of its terms of services, there are users who no more feel secure.

Whether you're interested in enhancing your pictures, are a photography fancier, or just not sure about being on insta, we've got some great picture-sharing and editing apps for you. We don't promise to give you alternatives that are free, but these are definitely worth a download.

Flickr
Platform: iOS, Android | Price: Free

You may think Flickr is dead, but think again. Yahoo just gave it a makeover, and it's all set to amaze you with its sparkling new interface and of course, photo hosting service. It's got advanced photo-editing options, amazing live filters, an option for adding captions, and lets you share them on Facebook, Twitter, Tumblr, or email. You can shoot from the app itself, or put a new spin on a previously clicked image. It has expanded ways to connect with people and browse pictures around the world. And the best part, there are no issues with licensing on your photos―you own them all.

Download from Google Play
Download from iTunes

EyeEm
Platform: iOS, Android | Price: Free

This photo-sharing social network app is very similar to Instagram, and for some photography enthusiasts, much better than it. It boasts sharing of pictures that are similar in type. For instance, if you post a picture of hot chocolate, it will showcase your picture to all those who've posted about hot choc, and also show you pictures of the same beverage uploaded by others (spare the hot chocolate part). It provides an automatic tagging system that will give you relevant tags, location, and data on every picture taken. The sharing feature is the most robust of all, letting you share via email, on Facebook, Twitter, Flickr, Foursquare, and Tumblr.

Download from Google Play
Download from iTunes

Hipstamatic
Platform: iOS, Windows | Price: USD 1.99

Wanna swim back to the retro world? This insta alternative is all you need. It has an old-camera-style user interface that comes with innumerable vintage-styled filters. The feature that differentiates it from the crowd is that it lets you apply effects before clicking a snap and offers group albums. It turns your pictures into postcard-like snaps which you can share not just on Facebook and Twitter, but also on Instagram and Flickr. Hipstamatic promises to make your digital photography look analog, and well, we say they are pretty successful in doing it.

Download from iTunes

pixlr-o-matic
Platform: iOS, Android | Price: Free

This is your standard phone camera with a 20+ insta-like filters, overlays, frames and border options. If time is a constraint, or if you're too jumbled by the various options, you can go in for the 'randomizer' option given by it that would select an effect, overlay, and border/frame for you. You can share your edited pictures on Facebook, Flickr, DropBox, iTunes, or email. And the good news is, it has a desktop version too. If you've fallen in love with the effects it offers, try its plus version (can cost you up to $1.) with more exciting overlays and effects.

Download from Google Play
Download from iTunes

snapseed
Platform: iOS, Android, Windows | Price: USD 4.99

This is one of the priciest apps on the list, but trust me, it's worth the USD 4.99 tag. This image-enhancing app offers a number of features beyond mere filters. With just a simple swipe, you can fine-tune your photographs. Its photo correction capabilities are incomparable, making it one of the best iPhone camera apps. And last but not the least, it lets you complete control over your pictures.

Download from Google Play
Download from iTunes

Camera+
Platform: iOS, Android | Price: USD 0.99 - USD 1.99

This is probably the most well-loved iPhone photo editing app. Its interface is not just attractive, but also intuitive! Besides having an excellent camera, it serves just-like Instagram. It offers a huge set of filters, scene modes, borders, shooting options like stabilizer and separate exposure, and other insta-like effects, but with a professional touch to it. The only drawback here is that it isn't as social as insta. We say, despite having great post-shot polishing features, it expertise area is capturing the best picture possible.

Download from Google Play
Download from iTunes

CAMERA AWESOME
Platform: iOS, Android | Price: Free
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This SmugMug camera app is blazing fast. With easy-to-use interface, you get 9 awesome features for free including―presets, filters, textures, etc. Besides, you can buy several other features for gaining more control over editing options―giving you nearly 300 effects and editing tools. The 'Awesomize' feature serves you with powerful auto-fixes. You can share your pictures across Facebook, Twitter, Flickr, YouTube, or you can leave it all on its auto-share feature.

2015年5月25日星期一

How Was the Himalayan Mountain Range Formed?

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The Himalayas are one of the most magnificent natural structures on Earth. In this article, we shall explore the physical process which has been instrumental in the formation of this great mountain range.
Himalayan mountain range formation
Did You Know?
The theory of continental-drift, put forth by the German meteorologist Alfred Wegener in around 1912, is the most widely accepted theory that explains the formation of the Himalayas.
Stretching for approximately 2,900 km (1,800 m), the Himalayas are literally the roof-top of the world. These mountains, which are located between four countries: Pakistan, India, China, and Nepal, are the tallest on Earth.
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The Himalayan mountain range is the only one on our planet that comprises mountain peaks which rise over a staggering 8,000 meters. The tallest one among them―Mount Everest―rises to a breathtaking 8,848 meters, making it the tallest mountain peak on Earth.

So what was it that caused these mountains to attain such enormous proportions, becoming bigger than anything on Earth? How were they formed? Let's find out.

Plate Tectonics

In geology, a plate is a large rigid slab of solid rock. It is believed that the outermost layer of the Earth is divided into a number of small and large plates that float atop the hotter, denser, and more mobile material underneath, which is driven by the internal heat of the Earth. As such, these plates too are in motion, albeit at much slower speeds.

The term tectonics in Greek means 'to build'. Together, the term plate tectonics refers to the theory which describes how the surface of the Earth, as we see today, was built by the motion of the plates underneath.

Presently, it is thought that there are seven giant plates and a few other smaller ones that are in motion relative to each other on the Earth's surface. All the continents and the oceans lie on top of these plates. However, millions of years ago, there may have been more or less of these plates.

Pangaea Formation and Break-up: Continental Drift

Nearly 300 million years ago, all the major continents that we see today: Asia, Africa, North America, South America, Antarctica, Europe, and Australia, were absent. Instead, there was only a single giant super-continent, known as the Pangaea, which was located predominantly in the southern hemisphere of the Earth.

Pangaea was formed due to the movement of tectonic plates. It is believed that millions of years ago, giant accumulations of rock debris that spread over the tectonic plates were brought together when the plates moved towards each other. This caused the amalgamation of these debris into one giant debris, which gave rise to the Pangaea.

However, the movement of the plates continued on even after this. As a result, this super-continent began disintegrating into distinct pieces, each carried atop moving tectonic plates. Some of these pieces moved apart, while others collided and combined with one another, forming the continental landmasses that we see today.

How the Himalayan Mountains were Formed

Several million years ago, the grand Himalayan mountain range that we see today, did not exist. The Asian continent stood where it is today, but the Indian subcontient was nowhere in its vicinity. India, in fact, was an island floating near the coast of Australia.

Around 220 million years ago, when the Pangaea was breaking apart, the landmass of India, carried atop the Indo-Australian plate, began its slow migration northwards, towards the Eurasian plate on which the massive continent of Asia lay.

India Asia Collision
Collision of India and Asia

Nearly 80 million years ago, India was located 6,400 km (4,000 m) to the south of the continent of Asia. Over the span of the next several million years, India kept on traveling north, at an estimated rate of 5 - 15 cm/year, until it finally collided with Asia.

Before this collision took place, there existed a vast sea, known as the Tethys, which stretched latitudinally on the site that is presently occupied by the Himalayan mountain range. As India closed-in upon Asia, several rivers from it, in addition to those from Asia, began depositing large amounts of sediments into the seabed of the Tethys which lay in the middle. This large-scale deposition made the Tethys very shallow.

Approximately 55 million years ago, India began closing-in on Asia, covering up the Tethys sea. When the two landmasses finally collided, 10 million years ago, the Tethys sea was completely closed. Due to the enormous impact, the already shallow seabed, which by now had a large accumulation of sediments, rapidly folded and was elevated, rising up high and forming longitudinal ridges and valleys. This was the birth of the Himalayas.

As India continued its northward ascent, it began to wedge itself underneath the Asian continent. This happened because the northern coastline of India was denser and much more firmly attached to the seabed, as compared to Asia. Therefore, when these gigantic landmasses collided, India wedged itself underneath, causing the softer soil of the southern coastline of Asia to be pushed upward, rather than the other way round. This pushed the Himalayas, along with the entire Tibetan region upwards, further adding to the height of this enormous mountain range.

Tectonic Plates Collision
Formation of the Himalayas

As the Indian subcontinent continued pushing against Asia, the Himalayas continued to rise. This mountain range rose and spread very rapidly; much faster than most other mountain ranges on the Earth. In fact, the Himalayas are still growing even today. Everest and its siblings are known to grow by a few centimeters each year. This is in contrast to many other mountain ranges, such as the Appalachian Mountains, which were formed around 300 million years ago, and are actually becoming smaller due to erosion.

The reason why the Himalayas are still growing is the same as the one behind its formation - the movement of tectonic plates. The plate carrying India is still moving northwards, as is evidenced by the frequent earthquakes that occur in and around the surrounding region. Therefore, as long as this tectonic activity continues to take place, the Himalayas will probably continue to rise.

Now, if you were to calculate the tentative height of the Himalayas based on its current rising rate for the nearly 40 million years of its existence, you would find that it should be around 400 km tall! To put things in perspective, the International Space Station orbits the Earth at a height between 300 - 400 km (185 - 250 m). So why was it that these already gigantic mountains have not reached the mammoth proportions that the calculations predict?

One of the reasons is that, the rate of vertical growth of the Himalayas over the years has been variable, and some of force originating from the push of India against Asia has been subverted in favor of horizontal growth and expansion. The other likely reasons are the Earth's gravity and erosion, which have significantly reduced the growing potential and the height of the Himalayas.

The Future of the Himalayas

Owing to the continued northward motion of India, the Himalayan region remains geologically active, and continues to rise. Scientists believe that this rate of growth is likely to remain constant for the next 5 - 10 million years. This fact allows us to get a fair estimate of the development of this mountain range, and its effects on the surrounding region in the coming future.

Ten million years from now, India will plow an estimated 180 km into Tibet. Nepal lies between the lower boundary of the Himalayas and to the upper border of the plains of India. Due to India's motion, in the distant future, Nepal will cease to exist, but the Himalayan mountain range will remain, and continue to advance on India.
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Continued geological activity will cause frequent earthquakes in this unstable region. The physical structure of this mountain range will comprise large mountains in the north and smaller ones to the south. They will continue to grow, and also be eroded at the same time. However, the net effect will most likely be that, the Himalayas will get bigger and even more spectacular with time.

2015年5月24日星期日

Things You Need to Know About Icebergs

It is common knowledge that icebergs are large floating chunks of ice. However, these frozen behemoths are very deceptive, and there is a lot that we don't know about them. In this article, we shall look at a few interesting facts, such as where icebergs come from, how they are formed, and much more.
Fact about icebergs
Fast Fact!
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The term 'iceberg' refers to large pieces of ice that are wider than 5 meters (16 feet). Smaller chunks of ice are known as 'growlers' or 'bergy bits'.
Like penguins or polar bears, icebergs too are very unique and symbolic to the polar regions, so much so that Greenlanders once used them to identify seasons and towns. The term 'iceberg' is borrowed from the dutch word 'ijsberg', which literally means ice mountain. This name is apt, as icebergs are usually large, magnificent mountainous masses of free-floating ice, that wander the oceans till they melt. While these slabs of ice look sterile and devoid of life, they actually harbor complete ecosystems, and have a big impact on any ecosystem that they may pass through.

Icebergs seem to either exude awe or an aura of danger, as they move around in oceans at higher latitudes, creating an atmosphere of peril for ships, similar in manner to naval mines. However, they also hold a lot of promise. Apart from helping oceanographers and other scientists in their studies, it has been proposed to tow icebergs to drought stricken areas to solve water shortage problems, but the logistics and possible environmental damage has deterred any such effort to be made so far.

Interesting Facts About Icebergs
Origins and Formation
When glaciers on land form due to snowfall over several hundred years, each new layer of snow compresses the ones below it, until glacial ice is formed around 70 meters below the surface. The glacier gradually creeps towards open sea under its own weight, and once it reaches the water, the edges of the glacier breaks off due to the motion of the tides, and slips into the ocean, and icebergs are formed. This process is called calving. The ice usually floats with the sea currents, gradually melting with a fizzing sound as it moves towards warmer waters.

Most of the world's icebergs come from around Antarctica, the glaciers of western Greenland, and the glaciers near Canada's arctic area. As of now, 30,000 - 40,000 icebergs are formed each year. Because they have an interior temperature of -15 to -20 degrees Centigrade, many of them travel thousands of miles and take at least a year or two to melt completely.

Composition
Due to the fact that icebergs are found at sea, they are wrongly assumed to be formed of salty sea water. In reality, they are made of pure freshwater and snow. Therefore, the ice is completely safe to consume. In rare cases, melted water in the glacier or dust from volcanoes may enter the iceberg's crevasses. This can cause the structure to acquire blue, brown, or blackish streaks.

Streaked Iceberg
Flipped Iceberg Showing Blue Streaks

Physical Characteristics
Icebergs are made of ice that may be around 10,000 years old. Due to their massive size, many of them weigh over 10 million tons, although you may also find a few smaller ones which could weigh anywhere between 100,000 and 200,000 tons. Despite their weight, they float in ocean water, because water is denser as a liquid (density of seawater is 1025 kg/m3) than as a solid (density of pure ice is 920 kg/m3). Also, icebergs contain a large amount of air bubbles, which gives them their white appearance, and increases their buoyancy.

However, due to their immense weight, they float with only about ⅞ to ⅒ of their mass above the water. Also, the width of the ice below the water is around 20 - 30% larger than what is above the surface. So, the only natural source affecting their movement significantly is the ocean currents, which push them around at a leisurely pace ranging between 0.4 and 2.2 mph. When near land, icebergs often get stranded, and create deep and wide troughs in the sea bed, which can last for decades.

Iceberg Types
Icebergs can be classified into various categories, depending on their size and shape:
Classification by Size

Very Large Iceberg: These are the biggest and heaviest varieties, and icebergs come under this category if they are larger than 75 meters in height, and 200 meters in length.
Large Iceberg: The second-largest type, these can be as big as a sports stadium, with heights ranging between 46 - 75 meters in height, and 121 - 200 meters in length.
Medium Iceberg: Getting as big as a medium-sized hotel, these range between 16 - 45 meters in height, and 61 - 120 meters in length.
Small Iceberg: These small icebergs are about as big as a small building, and range between 5 - 15 meters in height, and 15 - 60 meters in length.
Bergy Bits: Although not considered as true icebergs, these cottage-sized chunks of ice come in sizes between 1 - 5 meters in height, and 5 - 15 meters in length.
Growlers: The smallest type in the iceberg family, these pieces of ice are smaller than 1 meter in height, and 5 meters in length.

Iceberg Shape Chart
Iceberg Shape Categories
Classification by Shape

Tabular: They have a generally flat appearance, and their height is significantly lesser than their width/length. Most of them are seen to be composed of numerous horizontal bands of ice of different shades.
Blocky: These are also a flat-topped variety, but they have steep, tall sides and heights, which are not very different from their width.
Wedged: Another flat-surfaced type, these icebergs have steep, tall cliffs on one side, from where the top slopes gradually go downward to the opposite side, giving it the appearance of a wedge.
Dome: Largely similar to tabular and blocky icebergs, domes differ only by having a smooth and rounded top.
Pinnacle: This variety gets is name by having at least one prominent spire or pyramidal section of ice on it.
Dry Dock: These icebergs have two or more pinnacles, and also a U-shaped slot between the spires close to the water level.

Depending on the shape and size, icebergs can be very unstable, and can even flip over without any warning, which can be highly dangerous. The action of rolling over can release as much energy as an atomic bomb, resulting in tsunamis and earthquakes. While the tabular varieties are generally stable, the wedge or dome-shaped ones are prone to rolling around.

The World's Largest Iceberg
The tallest known iceberg was seen in the North Atlantic ocean, which rose approximately 170 meters above sea level. Considering that the majority of its mass was below water, it was estimated to be as tall as a 60-storey building. However, this is not even close to the size of the biggest icebergs on record. Recently, in 2000, an iceberg named B-15 was spotted by satellite imagery. It was almost as big as the state of Connecticut, measuring over 4,200 square miles. However, even this iceberg was dwarfed by a tabular iceberg spotted by the USS Glacier in 1956, which measured more than 12,000 square miles, and was estimated to be larger than Belgium.

Dangers That Icebergs Pose to Ships
Titanic Disaster
Titanic and the Iceberg
The ice in icebergs is about 10% as strong as dry concrete, and although this does not seem very hard, the size, weight, and momentum of these huge chunks of ice make them extremely dangerous to colliding ships. The large underwater mass of ice is usually sharp and not easily visible, especially in the case of bergy bits and growlers, increasing the chances of an accident. Therefore, the idiom 'tip of an iceberg' is used to indicate situations where a person may be able to see only a part of the whole picture, leading to problems.

An area located 250 miles east and southeast of Newfoundland has been named Iceberg Alley, due to the exceedingly high number of icebergs there, which make conditions for shipping quite treacherous. In a collision with an iceberg, an immense force of hundreds of tons is subjected on the ship's hull, which causes massive catastrophes such as the RMS Titanic disaster of 1912. In that accident, the British ocean liner was traveling towards New York through the Iceberg Alley when it struck an iceberg and sunk with over 1,500 people. While most sea disasters take place due to rough seas and storms, the Titanic sank due to the sea being too calm, as the lookouts could not see waves crashing onto the iceberg, nor the phosphorescence of algae, on that moonless night.

To stop such disasters from ever happening again, the US and 12 other nations got together and created an organization named the International Ice Patrol. Today, this organization uses radar and airplanes to monitor the movement of icebergs which are floating into major shipping lanes. Satellite data is also used to monitor large icebergs floating around Antarctica. However, since the number of ships have increased drastically since 1912, the chances of an accidents still exists. In fact, between 1980 and 2005, there have been over fifty incidents involving sea vessels and icebergs.

Tips to See Icebergs

Your best bet for viewing icebergs is to travel towards the north on the eastern coast of Newfoundland and Labrador, as most icebergs are located in this area near Greenland. It is recommended that you take a guided tour, as the local tour operators would have the requisite experience to get you close to the icebergs without putting you in danger.
Although much riskier, people also use individual kayaks or scuba dive near the icebergs to get some great photographs. But one should never attempt to climb onto one, as the risk of injury and death is quite high.
To get some good photographs, search for different colored streaks, tunnels, caves, rocks, etc., embedded inside the ice. Also look for seabirds that might perch on top of the iceberg. If the bird flies off suddenly, there is a chance that the ice is breaking apart or rolling over, which is also a real visual treat.
The best time to view icebergs is late May or early June, when there is a good chance of spotting seabirds and whales as well.
If you are planning to watch icebergs from land, make sure that you carry a binocular or telescope to increase the chances and quality of a sighting.
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Why are Icebergs Important?
Icebergs play an important role in the sea, by leaking nutrients into the ocean waters around them. Studies have shown that areas near icebergs are usually teeming with sea-life, such as fish and plankton. The freshwater being added into the sea can influence ocean currents around the world, which can drastically affect global climate. Therefore, it is important that oceanographers pay significant attention to them. By studying the breakup of icebergs as they near warmer waters, scientists can predict how the ice shelves of the Arctic and Antarctic region will react to the warming climates of the world in the future.

2015年5月21日星期四

7 Different Types of Taxes That You Pay

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In the U.S., taxes are collected by the federal, state, and local governments. By the law, every working individual is required to file tax returns before a particular date, depending on the type of tax. This article enlists the 7 different types of taxes you pay in the U.S.
Types of taxes that you pay
Astonishing Facts!
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The federal tax code of the US amounts to almost 6000 pages - and contains more than three million words.
In 2010, the tax collection by the US government contributed to almost 25% of the GDP.

Taxation in the U.S. can be rather complicated. The purpose of levying taxes is to obtain revenue to keep the government running and provide public services. Different types of taxes are imposed on working individuals to achieve the same. There are certain tax deductions that can be reduce taxable income, like mortgages, charity, medical bills, etc.

There is no exemption from taxes however. After all, taxation plays an important role in the financial decision-making of a nation. Taxes are very widely classified. The paragraphs below provide some of the important tax types and their descriptions.

An Introduction to the Tax Structure

As mentioned earlier, in the U.S., taxes are collected by the federal and state governments.
There are two principal types of taxes―direct and indirect.
In simple terms, direct taxes are paid directly to the government or any authorized entity, while indirect taxes are collected via a series of taxpayers―mostly by means of increase in the prices of goods.
From an economic perspective, direct taxes are levied on and collected directly from a specific group of people.
Indirect taxes are collected from an organization other than the people actually responsible for the taxes.
Examples of direct taxes include income tax, wealth tax, etc. Examples of indirect tax include excise duty, sales tax, service tax, etc.


Main Types of Taxes

Income Tax

Income tax is levied on every working individual, and is collected by the Internal Revenue Service (IRS).
The states and local governments have their own income taxes as well.
The tax is levied on your personal income, interest income, and revenue from business.
Income tax brackets are generally progressive―the more you earn, the more taxes you pay.
Federal tax rates are higher than the state tax rates.
You can reduce your taxable income by means of certain allowances and deductions.
Remember that not all states have imposed a state tax. A federal income tax is mandatory though.


Property Tax

This is imposed by most local governments, since it is used to finance local services.
The tax is levied on real estate (mostly) and may apply to their property too.
This tax is deductible, and many American citizens may qualify for a interest deduction on mortgage. However, legally, the tax is deductible only if the real estate property is used for public welfare.
Since the tax is imposed on realty, it always depends on the market value of the property. The annual rates may vary between 0.9% to 1.2% of the property's current value.
The total tax amount collected is used to fund public services, such as schools, sanitation, security, etc.
The amount is paid to the local government or the county, based on the state guidelines.


Payroll Tax

The federal as well as state governments make it compulsory to pay payroll taxes.
It is a tax that the employer pays on behalf of the employee, i.e., the amount is deducted from his paycheck.
It is authorized by the Federal Insurance Contribution Act (FICA), and hence, is also called FICA tax.
There are two types of payroll taxes in US―Social Security tax and Medicare. Every employed individual in the U.S. is supposed to have a Social Security number.
Medicare and Social Security are federal run programs that provide benefits, generally for American citizens. Payroll taxes are used to finance these programs. The tax amounts to 7.65% of the income, of which 6.2% is for Social Security, and 1.45% is for Medicare.


Sales Tax

It is a type of indirect tax and is imposed on purchased goods and services.
The amount varies as per the price of the goods as well as the set rules and regulations of the state. Mostly, it is a percentage of the paid price.
It is levied on most of the purchased products, except food items. Also, some states/counties/cities charge a nominal amount on the product price, while others may charge a hefty amount. The percentage varies between 0 to 16%.
The amount is collected by the merchants at the time of sale and deposited with the state authority.
The types of sales tax include vendor tax (it is paid by the person doing business, and depends on the amount of goods sold), consumer tax (it is paid by the buyer at retail outlets and then sent to the state), and a combination tax.
This tax is considered regressive, since families with lesser annual income end up paying a major part of their salary for sales tax.


Excise Tax

Also called excise duty, it is similar to sales tax, except that it is levied on particular goods.
Also, it depends on the number of goods sold, not the amount.
The Federal government may impose a certain percentage of tax on every liter of oil, irrespective of the price per liter.
An excise tax may be charged on items, like beer, cigarettes, gas, etc.
States may charge an additional tax on these goods as well.
This tax is also called 'sin tax', since they are mostly imposed on such goods that are harmful to health. The purpose of excise tax is to make an effort to minimize the purchase of unhealthy items. It is mostly combined with sales tax.


Estate Tax

It is also called inheritance tax. It is levied by the Federal government and some of the state governments too.
The property you leave behind after your death is called estate. If you have more estate than required, the estate tax is to be paid on the inheritance of the property by your heirs.
That is to say, if you have a lot of property―including business revenue, security, cash, insurance, etc., and you distribute the property among your kith and kin, they will have to pay heavy estate tax on the same.
The federal government charges a maximum of 40% of the property for estate tax, while the states use comparatively lower rates. In some states, the amount paid depends on the relation between the deceased and the taxpayer.


Gift Tax

It is similar to the estate tax, but is levied on a large amount of transferred wealth. The wealth here may include shares, donations, cars, etc.
All gifts above USD 14,000 are taxable. The tax collected is 40% of the gift value.
The federal government charges a much lower amount for gifts as compared to estates.
If you plan to leave a huge number of assets for your heirs, it is advisable to seek advice from a tax professional and organize the assets.


Miscellaneous Taxes Paid

Capital Gains Tax: It is paid on the sale of stocks and bonds. You may also be subject to a capital gains tax on the sale of real estate.

Hotel Tax: It is the amount that hotels charge above the regular room rate.

Use Tax: It is paid for the different services that you use, like toll, licenses, cell phone, air travel, rental cars, lease, etc.

Luxury Tax: It is imposed on expensive items like jewelry or automobiles.

Fuel Tax: It is a type of user tax imposed on use of fuel―diesel, oil, gasoline, etc. The money is used for the maintenance of roads and highways.

Corporate Income Tax: It is levied by the states on huge corporations. The amounts vary as per the state.

Unemployment Tax: It is paid to unemployment agencies to help people find jobs. It is levied by the federal government.

Foreign Tax: It is the income tax imposed by the government of the foreign country. You have to pay a percentage of whatever income is earned by you in that country.
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Failure to pay taxes on time may lead to severe repercussions. As a responsible citizen, it is essential to pay taxes on time. You may seek advice from a tax professional if you are confused about which taxes you have to pay.

2015年5月20日星期三

Is Pho Soup Healthy for You?

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Pho soup is rich in proteins and contains minerals like iron and calcium in reasonable amounts. However, its high sodium content means that you should avoid over-consuming it.
Nutrition fact about pho soup
Did You Know?
Avoiding the broth and eating only the veggies, noodles, and the meat will help reduce the intake of sodium from pho soup.
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Pho soup is a popular Vietnamese dish, which is essentially a combination of broth, meat (beef or chicken), noodles, vegetables, and herbs. This broth-based noodle soup is often consumed during breakfast in Vietnam. A common street food in Vietnam, pho soup can be made in a variety of styles to suit one's individual taste. The following write-up discusses the nutritional aspect of pho soup.

Is Pho Soup Healthy?
Having a regular bowl of pho soup, which is around 619 g is an easy way to stock up on proteins, vitamins, and minerals. However, it is strongly advised to limit its intake as it is found to be high in salt content.

Nutrients Pho Soup (691 g)
Dietary Fiber 2 g
Protein 24 mg
Total Carbohydrates 51 g
Total Fat 6 g
Saturated fat 2 g
Cholesterol 35 mg
Sodium 384 mg
Vitamin A 4%
Vitamin C 10%
Iron 20%
Calcium 4%

Source: kingcounty.gov
Percent values are based on a 2,000 calorie diet.

Proteins
With chicken or beef as the main ingredient of pho soup, one can definitely say that it is a high-quality protein source. When it comes to building muscles, the first thing that we are advised is to eat proteins and what better way than adding a bowl of pho soup to your diet. With a bowl of pho soup containing a whopping 24 g of protein, it can be a great addition to your meals.

Minerals
The meat in pho soup is also a good source of essential minerals like iron and zinc. Iron helps in maintaining healthy blood cells, while zinc keeps the skin and hair healthy. The soup contains a whopping 20% daily recommended intake of iron. Calcium, the bone building mineral is also present in pho soup, which is around 4% of the recommended dietary intake.

Vitamins
Including pho soup in your diet will ensure that you get a dose of vitamins, that play a crucial role in maintaining overall health. The bean sprouts, lemon juice, and onion used in making the soup provide vitamins like A, B, and C. Herbs like ginger, garlic, and cinnamon that are used to make the soup more flavorful are also well-known for their health-promoting benefits.

Vegetables
Although vegetables are present in pho soup, they are far less in comparison to the amount of meat and noodles. However, when making the soup at home, you can always replace noodles and add more vegetables like carrots and cabbage to enhance its nutritional value.

Sodium
Its sodium content is a major disadvantage from a health standpoint. Whether you have a small or a medium-sized bowl, its sodium content is in excess, which is a point of concern. A 619 g serving of pho soup contains around 384 g of sodium. However, if you have a larger bowl of soup, the sodium content may further increase and may go well over 500 g.

The daily recommended intake of sodium is around 1500 mg. So after having pho soup, you need to be cautious about your sodium consumption for the remaining part of the day. Too much consumption of pho soup can actually increase the intake of sodium, thereby increasing the chances of developing high blood pressure.

Cholesterol and Fat
Pho soup contains meat, which is often found to be moderately high in cholesterol and fats. A bowl of soup contains 2 g of saturated fat (10% of RDA) and 35 mg of cholesterol (12% of RDA).

However, the choice of meat added in the soup can make a huge difference in reducing its fat content. For instance, prefer lean cuts of meat as they are found to be significantly low in cholesterol and fats. The round cuts of beef are considered to be extra-lean and including them while preparing the dish can make it healthier. In short, pho soup made from lean cuts of meat can be added in your weight loss diet.

Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates mainly come from rice noodles, one of the important ingredients of pho soup. It is essentially refined carbohydrates (51 g per serving) which can also increase your blood pressure. So instead of rice noodles, opt for whole wheat noodles to add heart-healthy fiber to your dish.

On a positive side, since the ingredients of pho soup resemble those of chicken soup (known to relieve common cold), its intake can help treat nasal congestion, cough and even sore throat. On the whole, pho soup can always be customized to however you like it. By adding lean meat, your favorite veggies, and herbs, pho soup can certainly be part of a healthy meal.

Pho soup available in restaurants is often high in salts and also packs a calorie punch. So making the soup at home is a healthier option as it gives you the choice of ingredients to make it nutritious.
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Disclaimer: The information provided in this article is solely for educating the reader. It is not intended to be a substitute for the advice of a qualified nutritionist.

2015年5月19日星期二

13 Places That Look Like Hogwarts

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We're guessing that you are still waiting for your owl to get the Hogwarts letter. Don't worry, we've got some good news. Now you can fulfill your Harry Potter fantasies by visiting these places that look very much like our own Hogwarts. In this Buzzle article, we have listed a few colleges and universities that will give you the feeling of being in Hogwarts. Check 'em out!
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Places that look like Hogwarts
"The castle is a stronghold of ancient magic."
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― Albus Dumbledore

Another year went by and you still haven't received your acceptance letter from Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry, right? Looks like your owl has lost its way. Oh, we know you've dreamed of studying there like a million times now. Most of us have! Don't worry, we've come across many Muggle colleges in the world that will definitely give you the feeling of being in Hogwarts. What's more? Some colleges and universities even have their own Harry Potter clubs and courses, and even on-the-ground Quidditch! It just can't get better than this, can it?

Whoever said Muggles can't go to Hogwarts surely hasn't seen these spectacular places that resemble it quite a lot! Take a look at these amazing places, and start packing your bags right away!

Colleges and Universities

Hogwarts is a large, seven-storey high building that is supported by magic. It has many towers and deep dungeons, with moving staircases. The buildings that we will be talking about in the sections below are obviously not supported by magic, but can surely give you an impression of studying in one. Let's check out which of them have gone close to looking like Hogwarts.

All Souls College, Oxford University

All Souls Colleges
All Souls College

This is one college that has a striking resemblance to Hogwarts. How, you ask? That's because some of the scenes in Harry Potter movies were actually shot at Oxford, which explains the similarity between the two. No wonder you get a very Hogwarts-y feeling when you take a walk through this college.

Georgetown University, Washington, DC

Georgetown University
Georgetown University

Dining with books around, seriously? Sounds too good to be true, isn't it? But it surely exists. This is another university that surely resembles the castle-like structure of Hogwarts. You can find yourself reading and dining among the rows of books in the Riggs Library of this college.

King's College, University of Cambridge

King's College, University of Cambridge
King's College

This is another place that will give you a Hogwarts-y feeling, especially the dining hall inside. Oh, we can almost imagine Harry and Ron opening the gifts (jumpers) sent by Mrs. Weasley. Does it ring any bells?

Christ Church College, University of Oxford

Christ Church College, University of Oxford
Christ Church College

The Great Hall
The Great Hall

University Church, St. Mary the Virgin
University Church, St. Mary the Virgin

The Great Hall that you see in the picture above is also the inspiration behind the Great Hall in the Harry Potter movies. The college itself looks like the castle that we see in the movies. You will also come across the grounds and stone staircase where Professor McGonagall welcomes the first-year students in the first movie of this series. This college has also been an inspiration for Lewis Caroll, based on which he wrote Alice's Adventures in Wonderland. Indeed a magical place, isn't it?

The University Church, St. Mary the Virgin, with English Gothic architecture will remind you of the wizardry school. It is the largest of Oxford's parish churches, and also the place from where the University of Oxford came into being.

University of Michigan

University of Michigan
University of Michigan

The law school of the University of Michigan is yet another place where you can not only study in wizard-like atmosphere, but even play Quidditch! Didn't we mention earlier that you can play Quidditch too? There's a Michigan Quidditch team as well, and the wins are celebrated in the North Quad Dining Hall. The players, of course, play on the ground, but the main goal remains catching the Golden Snitch.

Suzzallo Library, University of Washington

Suzzallo Library, University of Washington
Suzzallo Library

The graduate reading room at Suzzallo library makes you feel like as if you are sitting in the reading room in the movie. Why? Because it was the place where some scenes from the movie were filmed. It is also nicknamed as the 'Harry Potter Library'.

University of Chicago
For all those who want to know what it is like to be living in Hogwarts, the University of Chicago is the one, with some Gothic appearance! It has a beautiful and striking castle-like architecture, with the Hutchinson Hall made after Christ Church in Oxford, which was shown in the Harry Potter films too.

Cornell University, New York
The appearance as well as the Risley Dining Room of Cornell University definitely provides the Hogwarts atmosphere. Not to forget the cherry on the cake, i.e., this college hosts a special dinner called 'Night at Hogwarts' for its students every year.

Kenyon College, Ohio
This is the oldest college in Ohio, and you can even play Quidditch here! The Pierce Hall here gives you a feeling of stepping into the Great Hall at Hogwarts. There are so many trees here, that it may feel like you are in the Forbidden Forest. Seeing the Bexley Hall reminds you of the Gryffindor dorms. Just make sure you don't forget your dormitory password!

Bryn Mawr College, Pennsylvania
The students of this college will surely be proud of their Hogwarts-esque campus, with cloisters and halls with Gothic architecture. They too have an actual Quidditch team, and the dining hall has flags hanging along the windows just like they were in the movies. Moreover, the mascot of this school is an owl. We're sure this is something that Harry Potter would be proud of!

Other Places

Alnwick Castle

Alnwick Castle
Alnwick Castle

Alnwick Castle, situated in Northumberland, England, was the location that was used for Hogwarts Castle in the movies. Don't be surprised if we tell you that it offers wizardry and broomstick 'flight' training too! Now, we definitely can't wait to get there!

Basilica of Brussels

Basilica of Brussels
Basilica of Brussels

This is yet another place that kind-of replicates the Great Hall. What are you waiting for? The Sorting Ceremony is about to begin!

Gloucester Cathedral

Gloucester Cathedral
Gloucester Cathedral

The cloisters at Gloucester Cathedral looks like the place where some serious dueling took place.

Special Mention

Platform nine and three quarters
Platform Nine and Three Quarters at King's Cross Station, London

We can't conclude this article without a special mention of Platform 9¾ here, since this is where the journey to Hogwarts starts. Yes, if you venture into King's Cross Station in London, you will find a sign that actually reads 'Platform 9¾'. Well, you can try catching the train to Hogwarts by walking through if you want, but let us warn you, you'll probably end up bumping into the wall.
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Now we know where J.K. Rowling got inspiration for Hogwarts from! Assume you've packed your bags by now, because we can't wait to experience the magical atmosphere of these places. Hope to see you at Hogwarts soon!

2015年5月18日星期一

11 Hollywood Stars Who Died Mysteriously

When a movie star or a beloved celebrity dies untimely, it feels like a meteor has hit Tinseltown. Like everything they did in their lives, their death too makes front page news. This post lists out some popular A-list celebrities who died mysteriously.
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Is it mere coincidence?
Amy Winehouse, Brian Jones, Janis Joplin, Jimi Hendrix, Jim Morrison, Kurt Cobain, all died at the age of 27!
Movie stars aspire to remain in the spotlight all their lives. Some celebrities achieve stratospheric heights of popularity and fame, and remain firmly under the public gaze all their lives. While, unfortunately, some remain there even after their death, for all the wrong reasons. They somehow make headlines with everything they do. They are often portrayed to be picky and choosey about the things they do, the words that they say, and the lifestyles that they lead. No one knows what lies beneath the mesmerizing smile and performances that they put up everyday. Well, at least till one of the stars cannot handle the pressure of stardom, and suddenly turns up dead.

Shocked family, friends, colleagues, paparazzi, news, and media concoct stories of what may or may not have happened, to make sense of the loss of their beloved celebrity. Things are made even worse when there's lack of supporting evidence, and speculations, rumors, and conspiracies begin to spin around the cause behind the Hollywood stars' untimely death.
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Though the cause of death eventually comes to light, rumors, changing alibis, and the main reason(s) or cause behind the death, often remain unsolved. The following is a chronological list of some famous celebrities who died mysteriously.

Hollywood Actors Who Died Mysteriously
Marilyn Monroe
(June 1, 1926 - August 5, 1962)

On August 5, 1962, Hollywood and the entertainment world was shocked when Marilyn Monroe was found dead at her home in California, at the age of 36. In what seemed to be suicide, preliminary reports suggested that her death was caused due to an overdose of barbiturates. The toxicology report revealed that her system had enough chemicals to kill 10 people. Other reports, however, claimed to have observed no traces of drugs in her stomach. While another independent toxicology report stated that the initial examinations had destroyed her organs. The mystery deepened further when it was revealed that the LAPD officers who were present on the scene, believed that she was murdered via lethal injections. Some say that they discovered bruises on her body.

Several books and documentaries allude that her death was a cover up by the mafia for her alleged affairs with President Kennedy, and his brother Robert. However, the reason and intent (suicide or murder), behind her death, still remains a mystery.
Elvis Presley
(January 8, 1935 - 16 August 1977)

The news of Elvis' death shocked one and all. Reports said that Elvis was found dead in the toilet at his home Graceland. Many claimed that the king of rock and roll had overdosed (OD) on drugs. His untimely death gave rise to speculation and conspiracy theories concerning the ethics of the medical professionals. It was suspected that he had taken a cocktail of prescription drugs like depressants, chloropheniramine, codeine, demerol, ethinamate, morphine, valium, quaaludes, and palacidyl.

When investigation into his death was reopened in the year 1994, it was found that the data behind the drug abuse did not support the evidence. The second investigation concluded that he suffered a heart attack. However, the mystery still lingers as to why his father Vernon Presley sealed the autopsy reports until the year 2027, and why were the medical results tampered with in the first place.

George Reeves
(January 5, 1914 - June 16, 1959)

On the morning of June 16, 1959, TV's very first Superman, George Reeves was found dead in his own home. He was found in a windowless first floor bedroom, laying naked on the bed in a pool of blood. A gun was found between his feet, with the shell casing under him. A bullet was fired through his brain which sprayed blood over the wall and ceiling. All the circumstantial evidence pointed to suicide.

His sudden "suicide" brought his life and a lot of people related to him under the spotlight. Including his fiancee Leonore Lemmon, his longtime lover Toni Mannix and her very powerful husband and MGM studio enforcer Eddie Mannix. When the cops arrived on the scene, Lemmon and a few house guests, that included writer Richard Condon and two neighbors, were present who seemed drunk at the time.

What was believed to be an open-and-shut case later turned on its head when more bullet holes were found in different parts of the house and the floor. Lemmon was questioned in relation to the death. Due to her public image of a headline-hungry gold digger, she was considered the prime suspect. Though no evidence could be found against her. The actual cause of the death remains a mystery even today.

Jimi Hendrix
(November 27, 1942 - 18 September 1970)

As with his life, Jimi Hendrix's death too involved drugs and controversy. Though the official report states his death to be due to an overdose of drugs, some believed foul play involving his girlfriend at the time Monika Dannemann.

Hendrix was known for doing recreational drugs and so his death due to an overdose was not much of a surprise. However, what further compounded the mystery was the inconsistent versions of the incident given by the people close to him.

They said that after a night of drinking, Hendrix helped himself to about nine of his girlfriend's sleeping pills. The next morning when she (girlfriend) returned after buying a pack of cigarettes, found him sleeping, covered in vomit, unresponsive, having difficulty in breathing. Her constantly changing story confused the investigators. At one point, she even claimed that he was alive till he was put in the ambulance and he died en route to the hospital. However, the autopsy concluded that he died of asphyxiation shortly after midnight. Though the question of how and when might have been answered, but the reason behind the changing alibi wasn't. Official investigation, however, have left the case an open verdict.

Bruce Lee
(November 27, 1940 - July 20, 1973)

When the death of Enter the Dragon star Bruce Lee was announced, rumors began to circulate that the Oriental star was murdered by the Hong Kong mafia for refusing to pay them "protection" money. There were even rumors that he was cursed by the haunted house that he had bought; the curse was because he had angered the Chinese martial arts community by teaching foreigners. A rumor also stated that he was a victim of intensity training; drug abuse, etc.

People close to Bruce said that on the day of his death, he complained of a headache and took a painkiller for it. Later, he laid down for a nap but never woke up. He was believed to have died due to an allergic reaction to the medicine, and the official report states "death by misadventure". Later investigations and inquiries also revealed that he had significant amounts of cannabis in his system. What makes his death a mystery is the fact that the mere presence of these (painkiller and cannabis) substances in the body is not fatal. Not to mention the rumors surrounding his untimely death.

Anna Nicole Smith
(November 28, 1967 - February 8, 2007)

Anna Nicole Smith's life seemed like a story straight out of the tabloids; forever making headlines, be if for marrying a wealthy man three times her age, or for fighting for her share of his fortune. The stripper-turned-Playboy model made even bigger headlines when her son died while visiting her while she was in hospital for the birth of her second child. Reports claimed that Anna Nicole couldn't get over that shock of his death. A couple of months later, she made headlines again when only 3 days after giving birth to a girl, she was found dead in a hotel room.

Speculations were rife about the cause of her death. A possible drug overdose was being speculated as the cause behind her untimely death. But autopsy reports ruled out any signs of drug injections or medication in her stomach. Stories circulated that liquid methadone along with mixed drugs might have been the cause of her premature end. While another report claimed an overdose and cocktail of antidepressants to be the cause, but the reason behind her death still remains a mystery.

Heath Ledger
( April 4, 1979 - January 22, 2008)

The 28-year-old Australian actor was found naked and unconscious lying on the floor, at the foot of his bed. There were prescription and non-prescription pills lying around, and no signs of a suicide note.

Sources close to him mentioned his spiraling personal and professional life to be the cause behind his drug problem. Family and friends claimed that after he had finished shooting for his role for The Dark Knight, he had been suffering from insomnia, while facing his own demons brought to life due to his research. Along with this, he was also involved in a legal battle with his ex-fiance to gain custody of his daughter. To make things worse, his career wasn't heading in the direction he wished.

Rumors of prescription drug abuse, ecstasy, cocaine, all swarmed the newspaper articles. Ex-girlfriends and dates narrated contradicting stories regarding his substance abuse.

The toxicology reports confirmed that he had multiple prescription drugs that were meant for pain, anxiety, insomnia, and even the common cold. While most of the drugs found in his body were accounted for, there was no explanation for certain painkillers and vicodin found in his stomach. Though none were in excess, the sheer presence of all the drugs caused the up-coming actor's untimely death.

David Carradine
(December 8, 1936 - June 3, 2009)

Early news reported that the Kill Bill star was found dead at a Bangkok hotel room. He was found hanging in the closet with his hands tied behind his back and a rope tied around his genitals, while wearing fishnet stockings and a woman's wig. Reports claimed that he had died of auto-erotic asphyxiation, in which oxygen is intentionally restricted to raise the sexual arousal.

The Bangkok police were not sure if it was suicide or an accidental death. Reports did not say anything about who was with him during his death. His friends and family are skeptical about the actor's death to have been a suicide.

Michael Jackson
(August 29, 1958 - June 25, 2009)

Many could not believe their ears, when they heard that their beloved King of Pop had taken his last bow. Michael was found lying on his bed, unconscious, and not breathing, at his home in California. According to the preliminary reports, Jackson had died of a heart failure. The coroner's full report that was released weeks later, indicated there were no signs or indications of foul play. The second autopsy too showed similar results.

Witnesses claim that Michael seemed very excited about his upcoming This Is It Tour, while others claimed that he was acting confused and disoriented.

But a private tests carried out months later revealed that the Pop icon's death was caused due to acute intoxication and an overdose and cocktail of many medication. The mystery behind why and who tampered with the results and many other questions sprung up like mushrooms. A year later, his doctor was convicted to have prescribed these medicines. However, why did he prescribe these lethal medicines still remains a mystery.

Brittany Murphy
(November 10, 1977 - December 20, 2009)

The death of the 32 year old A-list actress surprised many. What got the reporters buzzing was that she had died of the same cause as her late husband who had died only five months earlier. It was reported in the autopsy that both died of anemia, pneumonia, and over-the-counter prescription drugs.

Angelo Bertolotti, father of the actress, believed Brittany's death to be a government conspiracy. He believed that both, his daughter and son-in-law, were poisoned. However, these claims have been dismissed as they lacked evidence of actual poison to support the poisoning claims. But another set of tests were conducted on the actress, and the reports revealed that Brittany's hair had higher-than-normal levels of 10 heavy metals.

The second autopsy results too claimed that Brittany had died of natural causes. This time, however, Brittany's mother believed that her daughter and her deceased husband had died of a toxic mold.

Whitney Houston
(August 9, 1963 - February 11, 2012)

It was hard to believe that The Bodyguard actress and singer of, "I will always love you", was no more. Whitney was found unconscious, underwater, in her bathtub. However, the coroner's office told the Houston family that there wasn't sufficient water in the singer's lungs for her death to have been caused by drowning.

The coroner's reports later found traces of cocaine in her system, along with marijuana, benadryl, and several other prescription pills. However, they were insufficient to cause death. They also ruled out foul play and trauma. The coroner's office believed that her untimely death was caused due to a weak heart which turned the medicines and drugs lethal.

Some blamed her untimely death to be a carefully planned conspiracy by the Illuminati who are linked to the music business.

Some More Stars Who Died Mysteriously

❖ Andy Kaufman
❖ Bobby Fuller
❖ Bonny Lee Bakley
❖ Michael Hutchence
❖ Brandon Lee
❖ Johnny Stompanato
❖ Jon-Erik Hexum
❖ Corey Haim
❖ Thomas H. Ince
❖ Thelma Todd
❖ Lana Clarkson
❖ Roscoe 'Fatty' Arbuckle❖ Sonny Bono
❖ Cory Monteith
❖ Jim Morrison
❖ Kurt Cobain
❖ Bob Crane
❖ Elizabeth Short
❖ Jack Nance
❖ William Desmond Taylor
❖ Amy Winehouse
❖ JonBenét Ramsey
❖ Natalie Wood
❖ Jeff Buckley
Evening Dresses
These stars might have been plucked out of the sky prematurely, but they have left behind legacies of their lives and deaths. Their stories are a constant reminder that even though they might have shed their mortal coils, they will always remain immortal in the hearts of their fans.

2015年5月17日星期日

8 Yoga Symbols and Their Meanings

Eveing Dresses
Yoga is about disciplining the physical, mental, and spiritual being within us. It is known to be the best medicine for a healthy and peaceful mind and body. This articles elaborates on some prominent symbols of the Yogic tradition.
Patanjali yoga sutra
Yoga originates from the Sanskrit term yuj, meaning union or yoke. Thus, yoga helps us unify our body, mind, and spirit.
Yoga, a rich and sound lifestyle. By calling it a lifestyle, we refer to all aspects of human life. Commonly seen and practiced as a physical exercise (from the Hatha Yoga), the main purpose of Yoga in helping us achieve a balanced mind is often forgotten. It trains the mind more than the body.
Eveing Dresses
It is a heritage that had been passed on through generations, orally. It was around 2,200 years ago that this knowledge was first documented through Patanjali's 'Yoga Sūtras'. The sage describes the functioning of the mind in 196 aphorisms. According to him, yoga is to be attained by means of Ashtanga Yoga; literally eight limbs, or the eight stages of yoga.

    Yama: Five principles of non-violence, truth, non-stealing, abstinence, and non-possessiveness.
    Niyama: Includes cleanliness of the body and mind, satisfaction, austerity, study towards awakening, and dedication or surrender to God.
    Asana: Practicing disciplined physical postures that lead to meditation. This principle is the most-known form.
    Pranayama: Control over breath.
    Pyatyahara: Withdrawal of the senses.
    Dharana: Concentration of the mind.
    Dhyan: Sustained meditation (the act of meditation is different from the object of meditation).
    Samadhi: Self-realization or enlightenment (oneness with the object of meditation).

Ashtanga yoga thus gives a way of life. According to ancient Indian philosophy, there is a link between each object that exists; this interconnect reflects from the theory behind yoga too. To maintain the body, mind, and spirit in rhythm, is the goal of a 'Yogi', or the one who practices yoga.

Yoga Symbols with Meanings

Om Symbol
1. Om (auṃ)

Om is considered to be the primeval sound. The Mandukya Upanishad (part of Vedic texts revealing the truths and nature of reality) describes Om to be the supreme consciousness. Before the universe came into being, it was only 'oṃkāra', or this vibration that was present. It is believed that, when we chant the 'oṃkāra', we can feel connected to this vibration, which is said to be within and outside us. In Sanskrit, it is also known as praṇava, or 'to shout' sound. Many mantras in the Hindu religion begin with Om, including some that are pronounced while doing Surya Namaskar. The symbol has different meanings: it combines the three syllables of A (Brahma, or creation), U (Vishnu, or preservation), and M (Shiva, or disintegration). They also represent waking, dream, and deep sleep states.

The Seven Chakras

The Sapta Chakras are the seven nodes or energy points in our subtle body. Different from its literal meaning of a 'wheel', a Chakra corresponds to an energy vortex in the non-physical body. They are located at the central meeting points, or plexus of the subtle energy channels (nadi) that carry life forces (prana). It is a path of enlightenment (through awakening of the Kundalini, the primal energy), which on activation of the chakras begins from the Muladhara and goes up to the Sahasrara chakra.

Seven Chakras Location

Muladhara Chakra
2. Muladhara (Mūlādhāra)

This is known as the 'root chakra'. It is located near the end of the spine or tailbone, under the sacrum. This chakra symbolizes the Earth element, with the seed sound (or beeja mantra) of 'lam' (white letter in Devanagari script, pronounced as lum at the center). It has four petals, for the Sanskrit syllables of वं vaṃ, शं śaṃ, षं ṣaṃ, and सं saṃ. These are the four vrittis (modes of consciousness) of dharma, artha, kama, and moksha, which are the four aims of life according to Hinduism. Asanas like the Garudasana, Siddhasana, practicing the Mula Bandha (a yogic posture), and certain mantras can be chanted to activate this chakra.

svadhisthan chakra
3. Svadhishthana (Svādhiṣṭhāna)

The second one is the sacral chakra, meaning 'one's own base'. The seed sound in this chakra is 'vam', as seen in the center. With six petals, it depicts the following Sanskrit syllables: बं baṃ, भं bhaṃ, मं maṃ, यं yaṃ, रं raṃ, and लं laṃ. The emotions or vrittis represented are affection, pitilessness, delusion, disdain, destructiveness, and suspicion. It is also located near the tailbone, but above the Muladhara chakra. It concerns water metabolism, and so is associated with the sense of taste, sexual desires, and reproduction. Potential karmas or sanskaras are said to be lying in an inactive state here, which are expressed in the Muladhara chakra.

Manipura Chakra
4. Manipura (Maṇipūra)

Manipura is also called the solar plexus or the naval chakra. 'Ram' is the root sound in the center. The chakra forms from ten petals, corresponding to the syllables of ḍa, ḍha, ṇa, ta, tha, da, dha, na, pa, and pha. It symbolizes the Fire element, seen from the red triangle surrounding the syllable of ram. Thirst, jealousy, spiritual ignorance, shame, fear, disgust, etc., are the vrittis linked with this chakra. The processes of digestion and metabolism are under this vortex. Along with fire, it also is the place where the inward (prana vayu) and outward (apana vayu) flowing energies are balanced. Manipura is the center of willpower, dynamic energy, and achievement, making the activities of creation or destruction possible on meditation. Pranayama is practiced to balance this sphere of influence in the subtle body.

Anahata Chakra
5. Anahata (Anāhata)
This is the heart chakra. It refers to the unstruck or unheard sound, also forming the term 'anahata naad', which means celestial sound. Located in the central channel of the spine, at the heart, it is all about love, compassion, sympathy, selflessness, and devotion. It is thus believed that it is easier for doctors to activate or open up their anahata chakra. The two intersecting triangles symbolize the union of the masculine and feminine energies; Purusha (the supreme being) and Prakriti (Mother Nature), or Shiva and Shakti. Anahata, or serenity, portrays the seed sound of 'yam' (pronounced yum). Nested within the twelve petals are the Sanskrit syllables of kam, kham, gam, gham, ngam, cham, chham, jam, jham, nyam, tam, and tham. The vrittis include lust, fraud, hope, repentance, anxiety, longing, etc. Ajapa Japa (effortless chanting of mantra), asanas, pranayama, and bhakti (devotional) yoga help purify this chakra.

Vishuddha Chakra
6. Vishuddha (Viśuddha)

This throat chakra is the fifth one located at the neck. It has sixteen petals, and represents the element of Ether, and is thus associated with the acts of hearing and speaking. The seed sound in the circle is that of हं 'ham' (pronounced hum). The petals are inscribed with sixteen Sanskrit vowels of अ a, आ ā, इ i, ई ī, उ u, ऊ ū, ऋ ṛ, ॠ ṝ, ऌ ḷ, ॡ ḹ , ए e, ऐ ai, ओ o, औ au, अः ḥ, and अं ṃ. The throat chakra, more so the petals, are home to the seven basic musical notes. It is understood to be the purification center, originating from 'viśuddha', meaning especially pure. Meditation upon this chakra is believed to confer many occult powers, like the ability to see three time periods of the past, present, and future. The singing or playing of musical instruments is said to open or clean this plexus.

Ajna Chakra
7. Ajna (Ājñā)

The Ajna chakra is positioned in the brain, between the center of the forehead; also the location of the third-eye. Om, or the 'praṇava Om', is the seed sound of this chakra, with two petals. These two petals supposedly represent the two subtle energy channels or nadis, known as Ida and Pingala. They meet at this point, before going upwards to the Sahasrara chakra. The syllables of 'ham' and 'ksham' on the two petals symbolize Shiva and Shakti, respectively; sometimes also interpreted as surrender of the ego (ham) and forgiveness (ksham) for spiritual progress of a being. Yogic practices like the Trataka and forms of Pranayama are said to energize this chakra.

In the study of occult sciences, it is believed that there are other minor chakras placed between the Ajna and the Sahasrara chakra, the prominent ones amongst them being the 'Manas' and 'Guru' chakras.

Sahasrara Chakra
8. Sahasrara (Sahasrāra)
Eveing Dresses
Sahasrara is known as 'sahasradala', sahasrakamal', or the crown petal, which refers to the chakra being thousand-petaled. Also called the white lotus, it is situated right above the top of the head, with a thousand petals arranged in 20 layers, each consisting of fifty petals. This chakra symbolizes freedom from illusion, detachment, a divine state of pure consciousness, and the experience of oneness. After traversing the six chakras, the yogi reaches this chakra, where he/she experiences Nirvikalpa Samādhi, the highest state of samadhi or enlightenment. At this stage, a being is believed to possess the highest levels of occult powers (siddhis), enabling transformation into the divine. This is also where the 'Parama Shiva' or the 'Parama Pusrusha' (the Supreme Being) are believed to reside.